Posts Tagged ‘Opioids’

Assessment of Tramadol in the Management of Pain

January 2nd, 2010

Tramadol is a cyclohexanol derivative with mu-agonist activity. It has been used as an analgesic for postoperative or chronic pain since the late 1970s, and became one of the most popular analgesics of its class in Germany. International interest has been renewed during the past few years, when it was discovered that tramadol not only acts on opioid receptors, but also inhibits serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) reuptake. This review aims to provide a risk-benefit assessment of tramadol in the management of acute and chronic pain syndromes.

Tramadol has been used intraoperatively as part of balanced anaesthesia. Such use is under discussion, however, as it was associated with a high incidence of intraoperative recall and dreaming, and postoperative respiratory depression has been described after intraoperative administration of high doses. Postoperatively, intravenous and intramuscular tramadol has been used with good efficacy. Analgesic doses were comparable with pethidine (meperidine) and 10 times higher than morphine. Nausea and vomiting were the most frequently reported adverse effects.

In controlled studies, haemodynamic and respiratory parameters were only minimally impaired. The risk of severe respiratory depression in typical dosages is negligible in comparison with other opioids used for postoperative pain management. Tramadol has been used with good results for the management of labour pain without respiratory depression of the neonate. It was also effective for the treatment of pain from myocardial ischaemia, ureteric colic and acute trauma. Good results have been published for cancer pain management with tramadol in several studies.

The potential for abuse or addiction seems to be minimal, and serious complications have not been reported. For patients with severe pain, the efficacy of morphine is superior, and most patients with adequate analgesia from tramadol had to be changed to a more potent opioid after a few weeks due to increased nociceptive input during tumour progression.

Tramadol can be recommended as a safe and efficient drug for step II according to the World Health Organization guidelines for cancer pain management.

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Living With Chronic Back Pain

December 22nd, 2009

This is my wife’s story about Chronic Back Pain and how she gained relief from the never ending pain that was ruining her life.

She went from Doctor to Doctor trying to find some relief from the pain in her lower back and right knee. Every Doctor she saw, prescribed pain medications and muscle relaxants. Nothing seemed to alleviate the pain. Over the next two years, she went from mild pain relievers, such as aspirin, massive doses of Ibuprofen and Motrin , weak opioids, such as codeine, and strong opioids, such as morphine, and all the narcotic pain medicines including a patch that she wore on her back. My wife was slowly becoming drug dependent because of the pain. She had seen what drug addiction had done to her nephew and she did not want to be in that situation. She had gotten to the point, that she stated, ” If I have to live like this for the rest of my life, I do not want to live”! She had no quality of life at all. I eventually had to leave my full-time employment and work just part-time in order to be at home to care for her. She wasn’t able to get in or out of bed, use the bathroom, do menial household chores or practically anything! We even had to rent a hospital bed for her to sleep in to relieve the pressure of laying on her back.

During the next year, she was evaluated by three (3) different neuro-surgeons and back specialists, two (2) pain management specialists and a chiropractor. All the surgeons diagnosed her condition as two (2) Prolapsed Discs, and Neuropathy. The prognosis was the same, from all three surgeons; surgery was NOT an option, because of the condition of her back and spinal column. They all stated that surgery would possibly leave her worse than her condition was already.

On one of the visits to her pain management Doctor, she had asked him if there was anything at all that could help her with the pain and to get off of all the narcotics that she was on. The Doctor said that there was a device called a neuro-stimulator that she might be a candidate for. For some patients it would work and for some it would not. He even said that some patients could not get used to the way the device felt and asked for it to be removed. She said, ” WHEN can I try it?” The neurostimulation system is typically implanted in a two-stage procedure, separated by a trial screening period lasting approximately 1 to 10 days. Stage 1 involves implantation of a lead for trial screening, and Stage 2 involves implantation of the complete neurostimulation system.

The following article, is an excerpt from Medtronic’s Web-Site about how the Neurostimulation device works. (http://www.medtronic.com/neuro/paintherapies/pain_t reatment_ladder/neurostimulation/neuro_neurostimulat ion.html).

How Neurostimulation Controls Pain

Neurostimulation delivers low voltage electrical stimulation to the spinal cord or targeted peripheral nerve to block the sensation of pain. One theory, the Gate Control Theory of pain developed by researchers Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall, proposes that neurostimulation activates the body’s pain inhibitory system. According to this theory, there is a gate in the spinal cord that controls the flow of noxious pain signals to the brain. The theory suggests that the body can inhibit these pain signals or “close the gate” by activating certain non-noxious nerve fibers in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. The neurostimulation system, implanted in the epidural space, stimulates these pain-inhibiting nerve fibers, masking the sensation of pain with a tingling sensation (paresthesia).1,2

1Melzack R, Wall PD. Pain mechanisms: A new theory. Science. 1965; 150(699):971-9.

2Shealy CN, Mortimer JT, Reswick JB. Electrical inhibition of pain by stimulation of the dorsal columns: Preliminary clinical report. Anesth Analg. 1967; 46(4):489-91.

As soon as she came out of the Doctor’s procedure room, from having the trial neurostimulator attached, she had the BIGGEST smile on her face! One that I had not seen for several years. Just that soon, and she was not experiencing any pain! Well, for three (3) days, she was acting like a different person. When she went back to have the trial device removed, her pain immediately returned. The next step, was the actual implant procedure. For two (2) weeks, she had to live with pain once again.

On the day my wife’s surgery was scheduled, she could hardly wait to get to the hospital! The procedure itself, took just a little over four (4) hours, and she would be admitted for observation overnight. After she arrived in her room, still a little under the anesthesia, I could tell that she was OK! She had that same smile on her face! The Representative from Medtronic went over the procedure with me and explained how the device would work.

My wife had the procedure on Jul 12, 2007. To this day, she has been virtually pain free. There are times when she has slight pain, but she can adjust the neurostimulator to her comfort level. Occasionally, she has to return to the Pain Management office for “tune-ups” just to fine tune the device for optimal performance. It takes approximately 15 minutes, the Medtronic Representative uses a hand-held device simular to a palm pilot to make the changes, and that is it.

We can never thank Medtronic enough for this method of managing her pain! It has made all the difference in the quality of life that my wife has now. She can do almost anything she wishes now, with moderation, and she even is able to enjoy working in her flower garden again. Something she had not been able to do for the last two (2) years.



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Pain Killer Addiction Start Your Plan Of Action Now

June 16th, 2009
Helen Hecker asked:


Addiction is both a biological and psychological condition. More than 415,000 people received treatment for pain killer abuse or addiction this past year. Many chronic pain patients may be under-treated as a result of doctors who are trying to gain control over pain killer addiction, they report.

When you’re addicted physically to a drug, like pain killers or alcohol, etc., it’s because you’ve suppressed or shut down your body’s production of endorphins, which are natural opiate pain killers; when this happens you start craving the drug that you replaced the endorphins with whether it’s alcohol, any of a number of drugs or pain killers. An opioid-dependent pain patient has improved function with the use of the drug while an opioid-addicted patient does not have improvement. If you are addicted to pain killers or other drugs or think you may be, you can start working to increase the body’s endorphin production naturally; some ways are laughing, touching, massage, acupuncture, acupressure, walking, anything that makes you feel good that’s natural.

If you think you are addicted and want to get off pain killers or other drugs, it’s best to get detoxified as fast as you can and then go through some type of rehabilitation; it’s important to have others to lean on and learn from and offer support to you. Patients can innocently start taking pain killers after a moderate injury or because of a severe injury in an automobile accident, fall or for post surgical pain. Often people who are addicted to pain killers are plagued with various symptoms to different degrees; many times they don’t associate the symptoms with the drug.

Opioids used as the doctor has prescribed are supposedly not dangerous according to some well-established medical groups; but if this is the case, why are so many people addicted to them? Many other drugs can interact with the opioids and cause a variety of symptoms; this can be fatal. Pain killer addiction includes: opiate dependency, opiate addiction, narcotic dependency, narcotic addiction, and pain killer dependency or painkiller dependency.

There are a number of effective treatment options to treat pain killer addiction to prescription opioids and to help manage the sometimes severe withdrawal symptoms that can accompany sudden stopping of pain killers or drugs. A person exhibits compulsive behavior to satisfy their craving for a pain killer or pain medication even when there are negative consequences associated with taking the pain killer or drug. Common side effects and adverse reactions of pain killers are: nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, dry mouth, miosis (contraction of the pupil), orthostatic hypotension (blood pressure drops upon sudden standing) — often happens when arising too fast when getting out of bed in the morning, urinary retention, constipation and fecal impaction.

You must make a change in your lifestyle in order to prevent you from taking pain killers and or other drugs again. Taking the time to spend in a treatment center, detoxing, is of the utmost priority. Many insurance plans do cover inpatient detox, check yours if you have insurance.

Some insurance companies will pay for one or two weeks; some may pay for rehabilitation too. You must leave the routine responsibilities of your life for a week or two or suffer the inevitable outcome and bad health effects of prolonged drug addiction. It’s important to get help and not to try getting off pain killers on your own.

Knowing some of these facts and understanding endorphin production will help get you on the road to pain killer addiction recovery fast; start working on it today and hopefully you’ll notice changes tomorrow. A patient being treated with a pain killer can become dependent, but with controlled and appropriate use of the medication, the patient can return to some level of normal living and normal activities following discontinuance of the drug. Today’s pain killer treatment options are drawn from long-time experience and clinical research from studying and treating other types of drugs and even heroin addiction.



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