Tramadol, Ultracet, Ultram drug is used for pain relief
Tramadol (generic for Ultram) is a prescription medication used for the management of moderate to moderately severe pain. Tramadol?has been prescribed to more than 55 million patients worldwide; Ultram?has been prescribed to more than 21 million patients in the U.S.

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Tramadol

Tramadol hydrochloride is a centrally acting analgesic. The chemical name for tramadol hydrochloride is (?cis-2- [(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl) cyclohexanol hydrochloride. The molecular weight of tramadol hydrochloride is 299.8.

Tramadol hydrochloride is a white, bitter, crystalline and odorless powder. It is readily soluble in water and ethanol and has a pKa of 9.41. The water/n-octanol partition coefficient is 1.35 at pH 7.

many types of pain are due to chronic dehydration in the body. . (1) Drinking 8-10 glasses of water a day can help reduce pain all over the body. It helps flush out toxins, lubricates and cushions your joints, helps relieve congestion and keeps your body in balance.

certain foods are excellent painkillers, especially green leafy vegetables and beans. The following foods help cool the body's inflammatory response, act as analgesics on pain nerves and work within the brain to reduce sensitivity.

Neuropathic pain is caused by damage to nerve tissue. It is often felt as a burning or stabbing pain. One example of neuropathic pain is a "pinched nerve."

Nociceptive pain is caused by an injury or disease outside the nervous system. It is often an ongoing dull ache or pressure, rather than the sharper, trauma-like pain that is characteristic of neuropathic pain. One example of nociceptive pain is arthritis pain.

Chronic back pain is commonly described as deep, aching, dull or burning pain in one area of the back or traveling down the legs. Patients may experience numbness, tingling, burning, or a pins-and-needles type sensation in the legs. Regular daily activities may prove difficult or impossible for the chronic back pain patient. They may find it difficult or unbearable to work, for example, even when the job does not require manual labor. Chronic back pain tends to last a long time, and is not relieved by standard types of medical management. It may result from a previous injury long since healed, or it may have an ongoing cause, such as nerve damage or arthritis.

Acute back pain is commonly described as a very sharp pain or a dull ache, usually felt deep in the lowerpart of the back, and can be more severe in one area, such as the right side, left side, center, or the lower part of the back. Acute pain can be intermittent, but is usually constant, only ranging in severity.

GENERIC NAME: tramadol and acetaminophen

BRAND NAME: Ultracet

DRUG CLASS AND MECHANISM: Ultracet is a combination of two drugs, tramadol (Ultram) and acetaminophen (Tylenol), that is used to relieve moderate, acute pain such as pain following dental or surgical procedures. Tramadol and acetaminophen each relieve pain, but they do so by different mechanisms. Tramadol achieves pain relief in two ways. It binds to the ?opioid receptor on nerves (the same mechanism that is responsible for the effectives of narcotics, such as morphine), and it also inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine by nerves. This inhibition may lead to reduced transmission of pain signals through the spinal cord to the brain. Acetaminophen achieves pain relief in the spinal cord and brain by increasing the threshold to pain, that is, by increasing the strength of the painful stimulus that is necessary in order to give rise to the sensation of pain. It does this by inhibiting an enzyme that makes prostaglandins. Ultracet was approved by the FDA in 2001.

GENERIC: No

PRESCRIPTION: Yes

PREPARATIONS: Tablets: tramadol, 37.5 mg and acetaminophen, 325 mg.

STORAGE: Ultracet should be stored at room temperature, between 15 and 30°C (59-86°F). It should be kept out of the reach of children.

PRESCRIBED FOR: Ultracet is used to for the short-term (up to five days) relief of moderately-severe, acute pain.

DOSING: The usual dose of Ultracet is two tablets every four to six hours as needed for the relief of pain. Patients should not take more than two tablets at a time nor more than 8 tablets per day.

DRUG INTERACTIONS: Carbamazepine (Tegretol) can increase the rate of metabolic breakdown of tramadol, thus making tramadol less effective.

PREGNANCY: Toxic doses of Ultracet in pregnant rats have resulted in toxic effects in the fetuses. Safe use during pregnancy has not been established.

NURSING MOTHERS: Tramadol is excreted in breast milk. Safe use in nursing mothers has not been established.

SIDE EFFECTS: Ultracet usually is well-tolerated. The most common side effects are constipation (1 in 17 patients), tiredness (1 in 17), and increased sweating (1 in 25). Because tramadol is chemically related to the narcotic class of drugs such as morphine and hydrocodone (Percocet), it can cause psychological or physical dependence, although it is less likely than narcotics to do so. An overdose of acetaminophen can result in severe liver damage.

ULTRACET?(tramadol hydrochloride/acetaminophen) Tablets combines two analgesics, tramadol 37.5 mg and acetaminophen 325 mg.

The chemical name for tramadol hydrochloride is (?cis-2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl) cyclo-hexanol hydrochloride. Its structural formula is:

The molecular weight of tramadol hydrochloride is 299.84. Tramadol hydrochloride is a white, bitter, crystalline and odorless powder.

The chemical name for acetaminophen is N-acetyl-p-aminophenol. Its structural formula is:

The molecular weight of acetaminophen is 151.17. Acetaminophen is an analgesic and antipyretic agent which occurs as a white, odorless, crystalline powder, possessing a slightly bitter taste.

ULTRACET Tablets contain 37.5 mg tramadol hydrochloride and 325 mg acetaminophen and are light yellow in color. Inactive ingredients in the tablet are powdered cellulose, pregelatinized starch, sodium starch glycolate, starch, purified water, magnesium stearate, OPADRY?Light Yellow, and carnauba wax. 

What is Central Pain Syndrome?
Central pain syndrome is a neurological condition caused by damage to or dysfunction of the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord. This syndrome can be caused by stroke, multiple sclerosis, tumors, epilepsy, brain or spinal cord trauma, or Parkinson's disease. The character of the pain associated with this syndrome differs widely among individuals partly because of the variety of potential causes. Central pain syndrome may affect a large portion of the body or may be more restricted to specific areas, such as hands or feet. The extent of pain is usually related to the cause of the CNS injury or damage. Pain is typically constant, may be moderate to severe in intensity, and is often made worse by touch, movement, emotions, and temperature changes, usually cold temperatures. Individuals experience one or more types of pain sensations, the most prominent being burning. Mingled with the burning may be sensations of "pins and needles;" pressing, lacerating, or aching pain; and brief, intolerable bursts of sharp pain similar to the pain caused by a dental probe on an exposed nerve. Individuals may have numbness in the areas affected by the pain. The burning and loss of touch sensations are usually most severe on the distant parts of the body, such as the feet or hands. Central pain syndrome often begins shortly after the causative injury or damage, but may be delayed by months or even years, especially if it is related to post-stroke pain.

What is Chronic Pain?
While acute pain is a normal sensation triggered in the nervous system to alert you to possible injury and the need to take care of yourself, chronic pain is different. Chronic pain persists. Pain signals keep firing in the nervous system for weeks, months, even years. There may have been an initial mishap -- sprained back, serious infection, or there may be an ongoing cause of pain -- arthritis, cancer, ear infection, but some people suffer chronic pain in the absence of any past injury or evidence of body damage. Many chronic pain conditions affect older adults. Common chronic pain complaints include headache, low back pain, cancer pain, arthritis pain, neurogenic pain (pain resulting from damage to the peripheral nerves or to the central nervous system itself), psychogenic pain (pain not due to past disease or injury or any visible sign of damage inside or outside the nervous system).

What is Complex Regional Pain Syndrome?

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic pain condition.  The key symptom of CRPS is continuous, intense pain out of proportion to the severity of the injury, which gets worse rather than better over time. CRPS most often affects one of the arms, legs, hands, or feet.  Often the pain spreads to include the entire arm or leg.  Typical features include dramatic changes in the color and temperature of the skin over the affected limb or body part, accompanied by intense burning pain, skin sensitivity, sweating, and swelling.  Doctors aren’t sure what causes CRPS.  In some cases the sympathetic nervous system plays an important role in sustaining the pain.  Another theory is that CRPS is caused by a triggering of the immune response, which leads to the characteristic inflammatory symptoms of redness, warmth, and swelling in the affected area.

What Is Back Pain?

Back pain is an all-too-familiar problem that can range from a dull, constant ache to a sudden, sharp pain that leaves you incapacitated. It can come on suddenly ?from an accident, a fall, or lifting something too heavy ?or it can develop slowly, perhaps as the result of age-related changes to the spine. Regardless of how it happens or how it feels, you know it when you have it. And chances are, if you don抰 have it now, you will eventually.

What are OTC pain medicines?
Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines are those that are available without a prescription from a doctor. Some examples of OTC pain relievers are acetaminophen and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Acetaminophen products include Tylenol. NSAIDs include aspirin, ibuprofen (i.e., Motrin), ketoprofen (brand name Orudis KT), and naproxen sodium (brand name Aleve). Some products contain both aspirin and acetaminophen (i.e., Extra Strength Excedrin).

Both acetaminophen and NSAIDs reduce fever and relieve pain caused by muscle aches and stiffness, but only NSAIDs can also reduce inflammation (swelling and irritation). Acetaminophen and NSAIDs also work differently. NSAIDs relieve pain by reducing the production of prostaglandins, which are hormone-like substances that cause pain. Acetaminophen works on the parts of the brain that receive the "pain messages."

What are topical pain relievers?
OTC pain treatments also include topical pain relievers. These products include creams, lotions, or sprays that are applied to the skin in order to relieve pain from sore muscles and arthritis. Some examples of topical pain relievers include the brands Aspercreme and Ben-Gay. Some topical treatments contain a medicine like aspirin, but there is no evidence that putting aspirin on the skin is effective. Other topical medicines "mask" the feelings of pain by making the skin feel warm or cold. Some topical treatments block the "pain message" from reaching the brain. In general these medicines are safe, even for long-term use.

What are corticosteroids?
Corticosteroids are cortisone-like medicines that are used to provide relief for inflamed areas of the body. These medicines help to ease swelling, redness, itching, and allergic reactions. Often, corticosteroids are used for conditions such as allergies, asthma, and arthritis. Corticosteroids are similar to the natural corticosteroid hormones that are produced by the cortex (outer part) of the adrenal glands. Some corticosteroids are available over the counter, such as lower-strength hydrocortisone creams (Cortaid, Cortizone).

Other common types of corticosteroids include:

• Prednisone
• Prednisolone
• Methylprednisolone

Prescription corticosteroids are strong medicines and might have serious side effects. Side effects might include weight gain, upset stomach, headache, mood changes, and trouble sleeping. These medicines might also make it harder for the body to fight off infections. Efforts are underway to develop safer corticosteroids.

What are opioids?
Opioids are narcotic pain medicines that contain natural, synthetic or semi-synthetic opiates. Opioids are often used for acute pain, such as short-term pain after surgery. Some examples of opioids include:

• Morphine
• Fentanyl
• Oxycodone
• Codeine

Opioids are effective for severe pain and do not cause bleeding in the stomach or other parts of the body. It is rare for people to become addicted to opioids if the drugs are used for acute pain (such as after surgery). However, there is always a risk of addiction or physical dependence. Some side effects of opioids include drowsiness, nausea, constipation, and itching. The drugs can also interfere with breathing.

What are antidepressants?
Antidepressants are drugs that can treat pain and/or emotional conditions by adjusting levels of neurotransmitters (natural chemicals) in the brain. These medicines can increase the availability of the body's signals for well-being and relaxation, enabling pain control for people with chronic pain conditions that do not completely respond to the usual treatments.

Chronic pain conditions treated by low-dose antidepressants include some types of headaches (like migraines) and menstrual pain. Some antidepressant medicines include:

• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) ?b> citalopram (Celexa), fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil), and sertraline (Zoloft)
• Tricyclic antidepressants ?amitriptyline (Elavil), desipramine (Norpramin), doxepin (Sinequan), imipramine (Tofranil), and nortriptyline (Pamelor)

Antidepressants usually are prescribed for a few months. These drugs, especially tricyclics and SSRIs, depend on having a steady dose of the medicine build up in the body over a period of time. In general, antidepressants have fewer long-term side effects than frequent, ongoing use of other pain medicines.

The most common side effects of antidepressants include blurry vision, constipation, difficulty urinating, dry mouth, fatigue, nausea, and headache. Generally, SSRI’s have fewer side effects than tricyclic antidepressants.

Other pain treatments
Another means of topical pain relief comes in the form of a Lidoderm patch, which is a prescription medicine.

If your pain is not relieved by the usual treatments, your doctor might refer you to a pain management specialist. Doctors who specialize in pain management might try other treatments such as certain types of physical therapy or other types of medicine. They might also recommend a TENS unit, a device that uses patches placed on the skin to send signals that stop pain.